Siemens Bribery Scandal Essay Example for Free

Siemens Bribery Scandal Essay Automobiles are now an indispensable way for citizens to go out for working and shopping. Cars have shaped the development of motorization, which leads to the increase in private car use. As a result of automobiles’ growing popularity, a network of roads is built to satisfy the need for car travelers. Therefore motorization finally stimulates urban sprawl, which is the spread of cities into impoverished and rural areas on the periphery of cities. Urban sprawl obviously has led to some serious social and environmental problems such as inequality in society and climate change. Several organizations support to develop advanced technology in order to restrict urban sprawl and decrease greenhouse gas emissions while some experts disapprove of this opinion. This essay will argue that technological solutions just reduce social and ecological pressure to delay the consequence. The reasons why it is impossible that technology can absolutely cope with these problems also will be explained in the essay. In terms of surroundings, at present technology is not perfect enough to protect the natural environment and to deal with the greenhouse effect throughout the world. According to Gonzalez (2005), urban sprawl promotes automobile industry and gasoline manufacturers, which eventually increase carbon emissions. The extensive use of private cars causes rising greenhouse gases, which create global warming. In addition, negative ecological influences can directly cause public health problems such as asthma and lung diseases (Freund and Martin, 2005). Although technology can partially reduce certain environmental strain, it may also create some additional problems (Gonzalez, 2005). For an instance, nuclear energy can indeed reduce carbon emission though the waste in a nuclear power plant can also pollute the environment. Moreover, Gonzalez (2005) stresses that scientists at present do not develop any technology to completely cope with climate change. It may take a long time and considerable resource to find an effective technological method. Thus, there is no efficient technology to deal with ecological problems like global warming. With respect to problems in society, technology cannot prohibit main reliance on automobiles. Motorized urban expansion brings severe social problems, such as food supply threats from loss of farmland, transport injustice and health problem. Urban sprawl increases reliance on automobile transport, which means more car owners, more frequent and longer trips and, therefore, more greenhouse gas emissions. Except harmful gas exhaustion from vehicles and annoying noise, dominance of private cars still does harm to citizens’ health, because the drivers exercise less and become fat. The crowded traffic degrades the shared space and makes squares and parks useless (Martin, 2007). It may be true that clean and energy-efficient automobile can be manufactured in science and technology. However, such technologies cannot stop the growth of travel distance (Martin, 2007). Furthermore, Martin (2005) claims that there is no or few technology available for problems of land consumption and the degradation of public space. Therefore, technological solution cannot categorically handle some serious problems such as the deterioration of public space and loss of farmland. Technological methods are expected to work out problems in society and environment. However, social and ecological injustice cannot be addressed by technology. People in poverty who are unable to afford personal cars have to live in the fringes of the city which has inadequate public transportation and infrastructures just like supermarkets and hospitals (Martin, 2007). In general, the edge of the city is industrialized, where factories emit harmful gases and let out waste into nearby rivers. Thus, the poor’s health problem is more serious than the citizens in the inner city. With different circles of people supplied with separately various resources, the imbalance between classes results in societal polarization, fragmentation and segregation (Martin 2007). As a result of inequality, people who want to have a better life migrate from rural area to urban area because of well-paid jobs in the city. More facilities and houses need to be constructed so as to fulfill the demand of increasing people in the centre of city. Construction of homes and commercial buildings in urban peripheries also consumes a lot of energy. Therefore uncontrolled urbanization leads to land consumption and loss of farmland, which decline the food production. In some way, technology can manufacture economical and fuel-efficient automobiles with shoddy materials so that the poor can afford this kind of car, whereas, it cannot cope with the gap between the rich and the poor. In addition, technological methods cannot intervene in collective civilization such as culture and social cohesion. Thus, social and ecological inequality cannot be intervened by technology in any way. To sum up, this essay has analyzed how motorized urban sprawl leads to social and environmental problems. The essay also explained that technological solutions are incapable of solving the ecological and social problems originating from urban sprawl due to the lack of core technology. Even if the competent technology appeared, it would be too late to solve these problems. The technology cannot stop people from relying on cars to go out. Public health problems are also one of the main consequences of increasing car use and industrialized countryside. Technology solutions ignore the underlying causes of global warming- urban sprawl. It is necessary to limit the expansion of cities and to efficiently use the limited area. Otherwise, environmental degradation could not be reversed at all. Governments should pay more attention to urban sprawl even give up some financial and political policy. No. of word: 890 References: Freund, P., Martin, G., â€Å"Fast Cars/Fast Foods: Hyper consumption and its Health and Environmental Consequences†, Frontiers of Sociology, The 37th World Congress of the International Institute of sociology, Stockholm, Sweden, 5-9, July 2005. Gonzalez, G.A (2005), â€Å"Urban Sprawl, Global Warming and the Limits of Ecological Modernisation†, Environmental Politics, 14:3, pp. 34-362. Martin, G., 2007, â€Å"Motorization, Social Ecology and China†, Area, Vol. 39:1, pp. 66-73.

The Effects of Text Messaging on Young Novice Driver Performance Essay

Monash University (Melbourne, Victoria) conducted a study on the effects of text messaging on young novice driver performance; the results were published in February 2006 by Simon Hosking, Kristie Young, and Michael Regan. The study was sponsored by the National Roads and Motorists Association (NRMA) Motoring and Services, and NRMA insurance. This essay will cover the background to the study and accompanying information such as the research question, and the objectives. Secondly, this essay will analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the study. Lastly, the findings as a result of the research project and the subsequent conclusions will be discussed. It is estimated that about one-quarter of motor vehicle incidents are caused by the driver becoming distracted. It is expected that with the increased prevalence of mobile phones, there is potential for the number of distraction-related incidents to increase, with this in mind, young drivers need to be educated about the dangers of becoming distracted while driving. It was reported by Telstra that 30% of Australians surveyed had used their cell phone while driving and that one-in-six admit to doing it regularly (Telstra, 2003). The aim of this study was to extend the findings of previous research on the effects of receiving and sending text messages while operating a motor vehicle. The participants to the study were all aged between 18 and 21 years old, and were undergraduate students at Monash University. They were asked to take part in a practical driving test, as well as a pre-drive demographics questionnaire, a post-drive questionnaire and a subjective workload inventory. The 20 participants for the study consisted of people who were on their Probationary driver’s license; this... ...elated incidents. MUARC also suggests there should be harsher punishment to assist in deterring drivers from using hand-held cellphones while driving. The research highlighted a need for mobile phone safety awareness; the study provided strong evidence against the use of cell phones, not only for young, inexperienced drivers but for all drivers. The result of less distraction would be heightened road safety, and in turn, a safer community. Works Cited Conaway, M. (1999). Repeated Measures Design. Vanderbilt. Tennessee. Holah, M. (2009, 19 November 2009). Repeated Measures Design Retrieved 16/04, 2012, from http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/glossary/repeated-measures-design-263/ Telstra. (2003). Telsta, Police and NRMA Insurance join forces to target mobile phone use on Australian roads, Telstra News Release. Retrieved from www.telstra.com.au/newsroom

Indirect Taxes

Using the appropriate diagrams, explain why the relative burden (incidence) of an indirect tax on the producers & on the consumer varies depending on the price elasticity of demand for the good/product. Indirect Tax is a tax placed upon the selling price of a product, so it raises the firm’s cost and shifts the supply curve left or vertically upwards depending on the amount of tax. Because of this shift, less products will be supplied at every price. The diagram below shows the effect of imposing a tax and how the tax is being paid. There’re two types of indirect taxes, they are ‘Specific Taxes’ and ‘Ad Valorem’.Specific Tax is a fixed amount of tax that is imposed on a product. For example, if the government imposes a tax of $2 per loaf of bread, it will shift the supply curve vertically upwards by the amount of tax, which is S2. This is shown by the diagram below. Ad Valorem, also known as ‘percentage tax’, is a percentage of tax from the selling price of a good. In this case, the supply curve will not shift directly upwards because the gap between the ‘price’ and the ‘price + tax’ will get bigger as the price rises. For example, a packet of cigarette costs $10.If the government imposes a 20% tax per packet, the tax on each packet of cigarette would be $2. This is shown by the diagram below. When the government puts a tax on a product, the product’s price will usually increase in order to achieve maximum profit. Which means that the quantity demanded for the product is likely to decrease. If the demand for a product is very elastic, then a price increase as a result of the imposition of a tax on the product will lead to a relatively large fall in the demand for the product. For example, Waitrose pasta and Tesco Value pasta both cost $5 per pack.However the price of Waitrose pasta increases to $6 because of the rise in tax. This would result an immediate change in demand from Waitrose pasta to Tesco Value pasta instead. This means that the Tesco Value pasta consumers would carry on buying pasta from Tesco, whiles a lot of the Waitrose pasta consumers would switch to buy pasta from Tesco instead of Waitrose. This can be shown by the diagram below. On the other hand, if the government imposes a tax on a product where demand is relatively inelastic, the demand for product will not fall significantly despite the huge rise in price.For example, coffee and tea both cost $5, but coffee has become an absolutely essential drink in the morning, whiles tea is just for people’s interest. If the price of the coffee rises significantly to $10 and the price of tea stays the same, the coffee demanded will not change a lot because people still see it as a necessity good (a good that we can’t live without, or won’t likely to cut back on even when times are tough), and therefore the change in demand would only decrease by a little. This is shown by th e diagram below.As we can see from the two diagrams above, the share of the tax burden from consumers and producers varies. The reason for that is because the price elasticity of the demand and supply for the product costs a different shift towards the supply curve. Another reason is because there are other firms (different numbers of firms, the size of a firm) producing the same good, causing competition. Therefore, the relative burden of an indirect tax on the producers and consumers would vary depending on the price elasticity of demand for the good/product.

The Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - 1501 Words

â€Å"With effective treatment, children can recover from sexual abuse and other traumas. In TF-CBT, one key to recovery is encouraging children to open up and talk freely about their trauma (Getz, 2012).† First trauma-Focused cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an evidence based treatment is a model designed to assist children and their families in overcoming the negative effects of traumatic experience. There are many types of trauma events such as child abuse, domestic violence, rape violent and community violence and etc. I will be discussing three main section which are: Facing trauma, Evidence based treatment and what differentiates TF-CBT. Facing Trauma TF-CBT works in all kinds of ways for†¦show more content†¦You shouldn’t have did this or that, but they only hear that because it’s a lot of shame and stigma attached to sexual abuse. The only part about being a victim of sexual abuse is no one listens everyone just thinks you are lying or making everything up in your head but you are not, because it’s really happening. Sexual abuse victim should never feel as if it’s their fault or they did something to provoke that because they didn’t. Now, with domestic violence it’s kind of the same but a little different. They tend to think he gave me attention I craved, they gave me what I needed, they loved me or they were my first love and they tend to blame themselves more than anything. The question every survivor or domestic violence is asked why didn’t you leave? We all know leaving the person you love is hard but you don’t understand how hard it is until you have been in their shoes. Some think it is easy to leave the person you love but in reality it is not. Especially when you spend every day of your life with someone and create so many memories together. Domestic violence victims tend to think they can make their spouses turn into the lover they used to know before the abuse but usually once they have done it once they will do it again. Why do people use TF-CBT? While after trauma, the children and teenagers experience symptoms like depression and anxiety, stress, emotional stress, flashbacks of the incidents, avoiding going places to keep fromShow MoreRelatedTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1560 Words   |  7 Pagestraumatic situations. Countless experience several types of trauma. Although some children exhibit amazing strength in the aftermath of these incidents, many have pain or develop psychological issues that can be long lasting, and very serious... Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is parts -based psychosocial treatment model that includes elements of cognitive-behavioral, attachment, humanistic, empowerment, and family therapy models (insert citation0. It includes several primary componentsRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy773 Words   |  4 Pages Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is a conjoint child and parent psychotherapy approach for children and adolescents who are experiencing significant emotional and behavioral difficulties related to traumatic life events. This online TF-CBT course shows step by step instruction in ten modules for each component of therapy. According to the introduction on the Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy website it states that, â€Å"There is strong scientific evidence that TF-CBT helpsRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1720 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescents worldwide experience events that are traumatizing. If exposure to trauma is not treated, it could lead to various mental health problems. Researchers have reported a connection between traumatization and increases in mood and anxiety disorders, but the most frequently reported symptoms of psychological distress are post-traumatic stress symptoms (Cohen, Mannarino Iyengar, 2011). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is basically a conjoint parent and child psychotherapy approachRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1299 Words   |  6 Pagescourse of therapy (Faust Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)Very young children struggle with cognitive components of cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies because it exceeds their developmental capabilities (Faust Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)As previously noted, a child is at a greater risk for the effects of severe sexual abuse in the first years of life (Faust Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004) One theory that alleviates symptoms of PTSD is Trauma-Focused Cognitive-BehavioralRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Paper724 Words   |  3 Pagesadolescents, older children and adults. Cognitive Behavioral therapy has expanded to include work with children and adolescents who have experienced trauma, has been shortened to include Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and can be used in group therapy sessions. Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), a â€Å"short term, component based intervention† which â€Å"integrated cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and family therapy principles as well as trauma interventions† has been shown by researchRead MoreTrauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Case Study700 Words   |  3 PagesPTSD will assist in decreasing Matt’s depression PTSD symptomatology. Due to Matt’s PTSD symptomatology and presentation, Trauma Focused- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was used as the treatment approach. TF-CBT is an evidenced-based treatment approach that is designed to reduce negative emotional and behavioral responses following trauma and is based on learning and cognitive theories (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). TF-CBT is a manualized, components based treatment, and the componentsRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Tf Cbt )882 Words   |  4 PagesSection E Best Practice/Evidence-Supported Interventions (5) Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) will be used to meet the treatment goals for Neveah’s case. According to Child Welfare Information Gateway (2012), TF-CBT is an evidenced-based treatment approach for children and adolescents experiencing trauma-related mental and/or behavioral health difficulties. The treatment approach is applicable to a variety of clients as it is designed to be used with children ages three toRead MoreTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreDifferent Methods Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy1474 Words   |  6 PagesThis summary will provide the reader with different methods of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. CBT can be used for multiple populations and is known for changing the way one thinks. This summary will focus on the use of CBT with children who have experienced a traumatic event in their life, also known as post traumatic disorder (PTSD). The articles that have been reviewed provide different interventions for children who have experienced PTSD and determine how effective the methods were. According toRead MoreThe Most Damaging Types Of Trauma1730 Words   |  7 PagesIn the immediate, as well as long-term aftermath of exposure to trauma, children are at risk of developing significant emotional and behavior difficulties (CWIG, 2012). The most damaging types of trauma include early physical and sexual abuse, neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, exposure to domestic violence and other forms of child maltreatment (Hoch, 2009). Research has shown that children that are exposed to these types of trauma will experience developmental delays including language and verbal